AECC English Communication UNIT- 4 READING AND UNDERSTANDING NOTES

READING 

Listening, Speaking, Reading And Writing Are The Four Main Skills To Become A Master In A Language .Those Good At Reading Become Good Listeners Speakers And WritersThe Fact Is That No One Skill Is Learned Alone Most Of The Times It Is A Combination And Integration Of Skills. Before We Reading Three Things Should Be Known

• Why Do We Read

• How Do We Read

• What Is The Purpose Of Rating

Reading is for pleasure ,examination , general information, specific knowledge, problem solving ,draw logic etc

Reading Techniques And Skills

Scanning 

Is A Reading With A Specific Purpose In Mind For Specific Information When One Reads An Entire Text Or Documents Quickly While Looking For Specific Information It Is Called Scanning For Example Going Through An Entire Newspaper And Looking For Specific News Related To India Pakistan Cricket Match , When We See Cutoff , Property documents, examination question paper, any instructions etc.

Skimming 

is Speed Reading For Overview .To  General Information Going Through An Entire Newspaper Quickly Through The Headlines Is An Example Of Skimming, Reading Only The Headings Of Chapters Is Skimming.

Intensive

reading is a specific written pieces for a specific purpose it is going into the minutest detail of a particular words , para, line,etc For example a poem stanza and it's question answer

Extensive

reading is a kind of general reading for general information. generally this technique is used for pleasure things like reading a novel for pleasure one does not mind certain difficulties terms or expressions and goes on without stopping for their clarification until they become a hindrance in overall understanding for example if one is asked to read a chapter before discussing in the class one goes for extensive reading to get a general ideas of the piece

Process of reading

Effective reading involves a proper planning of a reading so that the objective of reading are successfully met .First of all a reader must know what is purpose of reading specific or general and then accordingly choose the appropriate strategy for the same

• Pre Reading Activities 

• While Reading Activities  

• Post Reading Activities

A Person Is A Social Animal And In Order To Live In The Society, He Has To Communicate With The People Living In The Society, For His Basic Facilities, Information Or Help, He Has To Communicate With Other People In The Society But Sometimes It Happens That Two People Are Not Able To Understand One Language And Then Need A Translator Who Works To Understand Between Them

Translation Can We Define As 

• A Communication (Written Or Spoken ) In A Second Language Having The Same Meaning As A Communication In The First Language

• The Process Of Changing A Text From One Language To Another A Translator Is A Person Trained In The Art And Science Of Understanding Two Or More Languages In Relationship To Each Other And Skilled In The Ability To Interpret One Language For A Person Audience That Does Not Understand That Language

• A Translator Is Bilingual Or Multilingual. He Should Understand Other People Another Culture Another Place And Often Another Time

• A Translator Must Know The Field In Which He Or She Is Working For Example Translator Of Biological Text Must Understand The Field Of Biology

Some Aspects Of Speech Interpretation

Consecutive Translation

The Speaker Say Something And Pause The Interpreter Translates It Into A Different Language The Respondent Answer And Pause The Interpreter Translate This Response For The Original Speaker And Soon

Simultaneous Translation 

Is Used For Persons Who Are Primarily Listeners Rather Than Speakers An Interpreter Listen To A Speaker Who Present A Message Without Pause The Interpreter Then Translate The Message Into A Second Language While The Speaker Continues On

SIGHT TRANSLATION 

is a specialized area in which a person needs and documents in one language and decides it allowed in another

There Are Two Types Of Translation

Literal  

Literal Translations Are Called Words For Words Translations Or More Accurately Formal Equivalence Translation. Literal Translation See The Preservation Of The Original Words As The Highest Priority Even At The Expense Of Clarity And Naturalness. This Approach Focus On The Form Of The Original Language Often Presenting More Of A  Transliteration Of Words Than A Translation Of Meaning.

Semantic 

A Semantic Translation Would Be One Where The Translator Tried To Come As Close As Possible To The Meaning Conveyed By The Words .Semantic Translations Are Also Called Functional Equivalence Translations Often A Semantic Translations Can Be More Accurate And Meaningful Than A Literal Translation. Semantic Translations Focus On Meaning Of Words And  Understanding The Meaning Of Phrase

For Example French Phrase 'J 'Ai Faim' Is Literally Meaning In To English ‘I Have Hunger’ But A Better Translation Would Be ‘I Am Hungry’ Adopting The Grammar  Syntax And Structure Of The Target Text

FORMS OF TRANSLATION

1  Intralingual - where both the source and the target are the same language

2  Interlingual - where the source and the target are two different language.

3  Itnersemiotic - where the context of the text is often Changed.

Problem In Translation

According To The Roman Jakobson The Key Problem Of Translation Is That Equivalence. It Is Often Hard To Find The Exact Replacement For A Word From One Sign System To Another There Are Two Kind Of Equivalence.

Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalent

Formal Equivalence Where One Keeps The Original Words As It Is And Explains The  Cultural And Social Significance Elsewhere

Dynamic Equivalence Where One Finds The Closest Possible Equivalent So The Hindi Word Sindoor Is Translated As Vermilion

The Process Of Translating From One Language To Another Is Full Of Difficulties Here Are Some Issues That Have To Deal With

• Making Sense

• Conveying The Spirit And The Manner Of The Original

• Having A Natural And Easy Form Of Expression

• Producing A Similar Response